P1:News

 Monday 13th September 

Television: industries & audiences

Publicly owned TV channel- Public television is television that is funded by the government, businesses, and viewers, rather than by advertising.

commercial TV channel - A commercial broadcaster is privately owned and they finance themselves through advertisements.

convergence - process of joining different technoliges into one device 

watershed- time when tv programmes which might be unsuitable for children can be broadcasted 

segmented market - Market segmentation is the research that determines how your organisation divides its customers or cohort into smaller groups based on characteristics such as, age, income, personality traits or behaviour. 

mainstream- the ideas, attitudes, or activities that are shared by most people and regarded as normal or conventional.

self-regulating- regulating itself without intervention from external bodies.

franchise- an authorization granted by a government or company to an individual or group enabling them to carry out specified commercial activities, for example acting as an agent for a company's products.

channel-surfing- changing frequently from one program to another on a television 

PSB- Public service broadcasting 

TV- license- A TV Licence is a legal permission to install or use television receiving equipment to watch or record television programmes as they are being shown on TV or live on an online TV service, and to download or watch BBC programmes on demand, including catch up TV, on BBC iPlayer.

scheduling-  

conglomerate 

Research task

When tv was introduced to the uk- 1936

in 1965 how many channels were there in the uk and what were they- bbc1, bbc2, itv 

When did itv start- 1955

which uk channels have to follow PSB reemits- channel 3 and channel 4 and channel 5 and BBC   

Channel surfing was impossible due to tunning issues. 

black and white broadcasted

one TV in the house 

Cant record or stream shows 

only 3 channels

small screen  

 

Monday 21st September 2021

1. 3 channeles 

2. BBC1 BBC2 ITV

3.black and white, small screen

4. one is privately owned and the other is owned by the govermount

Ownership & Regulation

Ofcom is the regulator and competition authority for the UK communications industries. It regulates the TV and radio sectors, fixed line telecoms, mobiles, postal services, plus the airwaves over which wireless devices operate. Ofcom works with the Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport.

BBC- to inform, educate & entertain 

 To provide impartial news and information to help people understand and engage with the world around them. 

 To support learning for people of all ages

To show the most creative, highest quality and distinctive output and services

 To reflect, represent and serve the diverse communities of all of the United Kingdom’s nations and regions and, in doing so, support the creative economy across the United Kingdom

To reflect the United Kingdom, its culture and values to the world

Commercial channels are funded through advertising, ITV1, channel 4, channel 5 are commercially funded channels.   

Monday 28th March 2022

What is news ? 

Online, social, participatory news 

media language, representations, industries, audiences and context.

print newspaper including contemporary, and historical set texts  

Newspapers in the 19603 were already fearing competition from other

media — in this case, television. However, newspaper circulations were very

high by today’s standards. The peak in newspapers’ circulation was in the

early T9505, with decline ever since. By 1965, circulation of Sunday

newspapers had fallen to 25 million, which represented 1.4 newspapers

per household, meaning that it was common to buy more than one Sunday

newspaper. By comparison, total circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2010

was down to about 10 million, which represents about 0.4 per household.

The segmentation of the newspaper market in the T9605 reflected the clear

class and political differences in society: Labour supporting working class

readers bought the Mirror, Conservative supporting working class readers

bought the Daily Express; the social elite read The Times, the Conservative

middle class read the Daily Telegraph and the Labour or Liberal supporting

middle class read The Guardian.

Monday 4th April 

What is News? 

Newspapers in the 1960s were already fearing competition from other

media - in this case, television. However, newspaper circulations were very

high by today's standards. The peak in newspapers' circulation was in the

early 1950s, with decline ever since. By 1965, circulation of Sunday

newspapers had fallen to 25 million, which represented 1.4 newspapers

per household, meaning that it was common to buy more than one Sunday

newspaper. By comparison, total circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2010

was down to about 10 million, which represents about 0.4 per household.

The segmentation of the newspaper market in the 1960s reflected the clear

class and political differences in society: Labour supporting working class

readers bought the Mirror, Conservative supporting working class readers

bought the Daily Express; the social elite read The Times, the Conservative

middle class read the Daily Telegraph and the Labour or Liberal supporting

middle class read The Guardian.

Society in the 2010s is more fragmented, with much less sense of loyalty to

political parties or an identity based on class, and this fragmentation may be

better served by online media rather than traditional print newspapers, as

these can target a multitude of different audiences.

• Newspapers such as The Daily Mail

position themselves as mid-market,

combining conventions of both the tabloid

and broadsheets.

Some traditionally 'tabloid' features such

as extensive use of photography, human

interest stories, and stories about celebrities,

are increasingly common in the broadsheet

press, especially in supplements such as The

Guardian's G2-a process sometimes rather

inelegantly described as 'broadloidisation'.

'Media Barons' - owned by wealthy individuals or

proprietors. E.g. Rupert Murdoch

Trusts - a legal arrangement that transfers funds

from the owner to a 'trustee' to manage and

control the running of the paper. E.g. Scott Trust

(GMG) The Guardian

Cross-Media converged conglomerates - global

institutions that own numerous media outlets.

These may be owned by Media Barons. E.g. DMG

& Lord Rothermere

1960s newspapers depended on circulation and

advertising for revenue.

Tabloid newspapers had larger circulations but

working class audiences that were less attractive to

advertisers, so relied more on cover price;

broadsheet newspapers had the reverse - smaller

circulations but attractive upmarket audiences - and

relied more on advertising.

Newspaper in the 2010s have a wider range of

funding sources, as seen previously

Circulation - subscription or over-the-counter sales. Paywalls - paying to access online content e.g. at The Times website - the Sun has just discontinued this option as it reduces online readership. Membership - The Guardian/Observer are experimenting with this model for protecting free online content; they announced that they had reached 800,000 paying members worldwide in October 2017 and that the income from this now exceeded that from advertising (members pay about £5 a month). Print and online advertising - print is traditionally much more lucrative than online advertising but has drastically reduced in recent years, though concerns over advertising being placed next to inappropriate content by Google and Facebook, for example, may boost print advertising. Online newspapers reach a global audience and can sell advertising to different national audiences (The Guardian accessed in Greece, for example, carries advertising aimed at Greeks). Sponsored content - brands supplying content and/ or paying to be connected to content - this blurs the boundaries between advertising and editorial that journalists prize but advertisers wish to blur, e.g. 'Cricket has no boundaries' paid for and controlled by the bank NatWest, or 'Connecting Britain' editorially independent content supported by' Alstrom, the train company, Events - The Guardian/Observer frequently run courses (e.g. on journalism or literature), meetings and conferences. Sales - The Guardian/Observer sell holidays and books, for example, linked to their review and travel sections.

A different constraint on press freedom is the libel law. Journalists argue that Britain has particularly onerous libel laws - journalists have to prove that what they allege is true to win cases (unless they can demonstrate that the story is in the public interest). E.g. Jimmy Saville case in 1967 Online news is not regulated at all, unless online newspapers chose to sign up to a regulator. The issue of 'fake news' came to special prominence during and after the 2016 US Presidential election. A special counsel was appointed to investigate Russian interference in the election, which included very extensive use of false news reports on social media. Facebook appointed its first content reviewers in 2017 to try to address this problem. This constitutes a retreat from the social media company's previous position that they were not media companies but IT companies offering a platform for other people's content, an extreme 'freedom of speech' position they hoped would absolve

them from journalistic ethics or regulation. ► Newspapers such as The Guardian/Observer try to offer

a trusted brand online by applying the same ethics and journalistic practices as the print newspapers, and by actively moderating readers' comments to filter out inappropriate comments.

Monday 25th April 

 The ability to analyse the use of Media Language elements to

create connotations in the print and online Observer, including

layout, typography, colour, image and language use.

The generic conventions of 'broadsheet' or 'quality' print

newspapers (not the conventions of newspapers as a media

form - students should avoid simply naming the elements of front

page design)

• The ability to analyse how these conventions are used by the

Observer in print and online to create a distinctive house style

which reflects the Observer's messages and values.

• How the versions of the Observer use the advantages of print and

online technology.

• The ability to analyse the use of intertextuality in the Observer

print and online, e.g. in headlines.

The ability to analyse the use of stereotypes and counter-

stereotypes in the Observer and how far it counters historic

inequalities in the representation of different social groups - e.g.

age, gender, race and ethnicity.

Themes, e.g. politics, hard news, lifestyle, culture, sports,

expressed in the representations.

Ideologies, e.g. liberalism, internationalism, patriarchy/anti-sexism,

racism/anti-racism, expressed in the representations.

How representations are influenced by contexts such as current

political debates and movements or social/cultural contexts such

as consumerism, celebrity culture, multiculturalism, and changing

attitudes to genders and sexualities

Age range- 30-40

gender- male 

where they live- London/ southwest 

social class- ABC1

values- liberal 

congruent- in agreement or harmony 

Monday 9th May 2022

Advangetes of online news 

Accessible worldwide 

free

 

 In the same place on the political spectrum as its sister papers The Guardian and The Guardian Weekly, whose parent company Guardian Media Group Limited acquired it in 1993, it takes a social liberal or social democratic line on most issues.

The Observer has been in tabloid format

Observer Media is based in Lower Manhattan, New York City, and was owned by businessman Jared Kushner until 2016

image- left wing, bxfemale, rejected, of political society 

type/lexis

left wing, stunt, negative situation for tories as well as criticises tori